Nucleotide sequence analysis8/19/2023 ![]() The basic idea is to look at certain loci (places) in the genome which are highly variable between people. At present whole genome sequencing is still very expensive, but fortunately, simpler and cheaper methods are available. It is not necessary to have whole genome sequences for forensic work, such as identifying a criminal from traces of DNA left at a crime scene, or for paternity cases. The latest project ENCODE studies the way the genes are controlled. Improved drafts were announced in 20, filling in to ≈92% of the sequence. These papers described how the draft sequence was produced, and gave an analysis of the sequence. Nature published the publicly funded project's report, and Science published Celera's paper. The Human Genome Project (HGP) produced a reference sequence which is used worldwide in biology and medicine. Applying this knowledge in practice has only just begun. What the DNA actually does is now partly known. A great deal is now known about the sequences of DNA which are on our chromosomes. The human genome is stored on 23 chromosome pairs in the cell nucleus and in the small mitochondrial DNA. Rough totalsĪs of December 2012, whole genome analysis has been completed on about 800 to 900 living species and strains of species. "There are currently more than 90 vertebrate species with whole genome sequences finished, in process, or in the advanced planning stages. This type of work is gradually becoming less expensive. The work is done by a machine, the DNA sequencer, which analyses light signals from fluorochromes attached to the nucleotides. ScoreĬomplete genome analysis has been done on over 800 species and strains. Since the development of fast production of gene and protein sequences during the 1990s, the rate of addition of new sequences to the databases increases all the time. Information on sequences is kept in databases. To some extent this can be assisted by computer, but has to be verified in each case. The study of RNA and proteins must include a study of their 3-dimensional structure, which is varied, and influences how they work. The overall structure of DNA is simple and predictable (double helix). These data suggest that the gene specifying the AAC(6')-APH(2") resistance enzyme arose as a result of a gene fusion.The study of RNA and proteins is more complex. Subcloning experiments were performed with the AAC(6')-APH(2") resistance determinant, and it was possible to obtain gene segments independently specifying the acetyltransferase and phosphotransferase activities. The N-terminal region contained a sequence that was homologous to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase of Bacillus pumilus, and the C-terminal region contained a sequence homologous to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of Streptomyces fradiae. The deduced amino acid sequence of the bifunctional AAC(6')-APH(2") gene product possessed two regions of homology with other sequenced resistance proteins. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of an open reading frame capable of specifying a protein of 479 amino acids and with a molecular weight of 56,850. A single protein with an apparent molecular weight of 56,000 was specified by this cloned determinant as detected in minicell experiments. The gene specifying the bifunctional 6'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase 2"-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase enzyme from the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pIP800 was cloned in Escherichia coli.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply.AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |